Table of Contents
Have the Fundamental Movement Skills of U.S. Children Changed?
Zezhao Chen, Weimo Zhu, Dale A. Ulrich & Man Qin
Purpose: By using four national data sets, this study aimed to examine the changes in U.S. children’s
fundamental movement skills (FMS) from 1985 to 2019.
Method: Three Tests Gross of Motor
Development (TGMD) normative studies, i.e. TGMD-1 (N = 909, male% = 50), TGMD-2 (N = 1143,
male% = 50) and TGMD-3 (N = 864, male% = 51), and the TGMD-2 data of the 2012 NHANES National
Youth Fitness Survey (NNYFS-2012; raw N = 352, national represented population = 12,509,706, male% =
51) were used for analyses. Each item in TGMD-2/NNYFS and TGMD-3 was carefully examined, and these
that did not match to TGMD-1 were deleted. Cohen’s D effect size (ES) was utilized for the difference
among year-to-year comparisons.
Result: From 1985 to 2000, FMS in US children of 3–7 years old (90%
increase & 10% no change) increased temporarily, but remained stable (17% increase & 83% no change)
among 8–10 years old. Between 2000 and 2019, however, U.S. children began to demonstrate a slight/
stable drop in FMS among 3–5 years old (22% decrease & 78% no change), and a distinct decline among
6–10 years old (80% decrease & 20% no change). While children with normal BMI showed the highest FMS
score, the direct cause of reduction in FMS is still unknown.
Conclusion: An overall up-and-down change
was observed in U.S. children’s FMS between 1985 and 2019, and more longitudinal studies with FMSrelated
variables are needed.
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